Millstones from the settlement complex of Aquincum: preliminary research
December 2023
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Journal article
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Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungariae
Excavations carried out in several parts of the settlement complex of Aquincum (legionary fortress, Military and Civil Towns, villa estates) have so far revealed 250 complete or fragmentary hand querns and millstones of different types. Most were discovered reused in secondary contexts, but some were found in their original position (i.e. in the courtyards of town houses or villas).The cataloguing of this group of finds has just been completed (although new ones continue to be found in ongoing excavations), and therefore detailed research on the types, material, and economic significance has only just begun (in a cooperation between the University of Oxford and the BHM Aquincum Museum). This paper presents the preliminary results of this work on the find location and dating of these stones, as well as distinguishing between hand querns and water-mills. It explores the potential of this neglected group of Aquincum finds, and especially what they might suggest about the extent of the use of water-powered milling on the Roman frontier in Pannonia.
civil town, water mill, legionary fortress, FFR, hand quern, millstone, Aquincum
Latin, literacy, and the Roman economy
December 2023
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Chapter
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Social Factors in the Latinization of the Roman West
This chapter examines economic structures and activities that helped spread the use of Latin, and of literacy, across the Roman West. Latin was spread to the provinces by the movement of people—settlers and colonists; the army; some kinds of mobile craftsmen (principally miners and potters); traders; and slaves—and also by the movement of documents, inscribed objects, and the practice of inscribing things in Latin. Slaves, if they were not brought up speaking Latin, had to learn it to survive. Traders learned it for commercial advantage, in preference to using interpreters. The evidence for professional interpreters is largely limited to military contexts or to the imperial court. Language learning lowered transaction costs when trading across different linguistic spheres—which long-distance trade in the Empire was bound to do. Craftsmen migrating from core provinces towards the periphery in search of economic opportunity brought their Latin with them. These processes occurred alongside, and sometimes independently of, any impetus from the army or the administrative apparatus of the state to use or learn Latin. But the spread of Latin, and literacy, arguably also helped the growth of the Roman economy: the development of a lingua franca lowered transaction costs in all areas of commerce and trade, while a larger-scale and more complex economy functioned better with written records, and with the investment in human capital that even basic education represented.
The art of Roman aqueduct maintenance: the water supply system of Divona, France
August 2023
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Journal article
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Scientific Reports
Carbonate deposits formed in Roman aqueducts provide a window onto the environment and water management in antiquity. These laminated archives precipitated over a period of decades to centuries and are a potential high-resolution source of unwritten history. However, their use as environmental archives is hampered by local and partial removal during maintenance work in some aqueducts. This apparent problem, however, creates a unique opportunity to study Roman water management. We present the discovery of traces of regular maintenance in carbonate deposits of the Roman aqueduct of Divona (Cahors, France). The main objective of this study is to determine the periodicity of local carbonate removal and repairs in this aqueduct. Traces such as tool marks, calcite deformation twins, debris from cleaning and repairs are attested in the deposits as proof of periodic manual carbonate removal by Roman maintenance teams. The δ18O profile, recording at least 88 years of deposition, shows that maintenance work was done at intervals of 1–5 years. The undisturbed periodicity of the δ18O profile indicates that work was carried out rapidly and never in summer, consonant with the advice of the Roman author Frontinus about maintenance of the aqueducts of the city of Rome. Maintenance intervals lengthened and cleaning became less frequent close to the final years of the aqueduct. This change in maintenance policy gives insight into changing local population and socio-economic dynamics in late antiquity.
This introduction to "The Economy of Roman Religion" sets out the case for seeing Roman religion as an important factor in shaping economic mentalities and actions, but one that scholarship has largely ignored until now. It traces the reasons for this apparent neglect (in contrast to scholarship on the ancient Greek economy, or on the Christian world late antiquity), and points out studies that have begun to explore individual facets of the relationship between religion and the economic sphere. It then sketches a series of themes that it would be important to explore: how was religion funded? Where did temple revenues come from and how were they spent? What functions did they serve as economic actors (landowners, banks, civic benefactors)? How did the economics of priesthoods work—were they financially profitable for their holders, or a drain on their resources? To what extent did religion serve to guarantee transactions, promoting trust and lowering transaction costs? A summary of the chapters in the book serves to tie these questions to particular chapters, before setting out some further questions as a possible research agenda for the future.
ANCIENT ECONOMY, ECONOMY, ECONOMY OF RELIGION, ROMAN ECONOMY, ROMAN RELIGION
The Economy of Roman Religion
June 2023
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Edited book
This interdisciplinary edited volume presents twelve papers by Roman historians and archaeologists, discussing the interconnected relationship between religion and the Roman economy over the period c. 500 BC to AD 350. The connection between Roman religion and the economy has largely been ignored in work on the Roman economy, but this volume explores the many complex ways in which economic and religious thinking and activities were interwoven, from individuals to institutions. The broad geographic and chronological scope of the volume engages with a notable variety of evidence: epigraphic, archaeological, historical, papyrological, and zooarchaeological. In addition to providing case studies that draw from the rich archaeological, documentary, and epigraphic evidence, the volume also explores the different and sometimes divergent pictures offered by these sources (from discrepancies in the cost of religious buildings, to the tensions between piety and ostentatious donation). The edited collection thus bridges economic, social, and religious themes. The volume provides a view of a society in which religion had a central role in economic activity on an institutional to individual scale. The volume allows an evaluation of impact of that activity from both financial and social viewpoints, providing a new perspective on Roman religion - a perspective to which a wide range of archaeological and documentary evidence, from animal bone to coins and building costs, has contributed. As a result, this volume not only provides new information on the economy of Roman religion: it also proposes new ways of looking at existing bodies of evidence.
ANCIENT ECONOMY, ECONOMY, ECONOMY - ANCIENT ECONOMY - ROMAN RELIGION ROMAN RELIGION ECONOMY OF RELIGION, ECONOMY OF RELIGION, RELIGION, ROMAN RELIGION
A lost campaign? new evidence of Roman temporary camps in northern Arabia
April 2023
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Journal article
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Antiquity
Remote sensing survey in southern Jordan has identified at least three Roman temporary camps that indicate a probable undocumented military campaign into what is today Saudi Arabia, and which we conjecture is linked to the Roman annexation of the Nabataean Kingdom in AD 106 AD.
FFR
Positioning computational modelling in Roman studies
September 2022
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Chapter
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Simulating Roman Economies: Theories, Methods, and Computational Models
This concluding discussion chapter attempts to set out a way forward for the use of computational models in studies of the Roman economy, and more widely. In 2016 Greg Woolf correctly identified a lack of useful datasets for SNA as one of the limitations of that field. But for modelling the Roman economy, many more datasets are available than for social network analysis, and recent years have seen an increase in their numbers and comprehensiveness. This trend will only be helped by the Open Access movement, and by moves towards Open Archaeology Data; and by the development of Linked Open Data protocols which allow cross-searching across multiple databases from different sources. Model libraries are available not only to enable researchers to test other modellers’ claims, but also to encourage model re-use, improvement, adaptation, and extension. Computing power, accessible software, a growing array of datasets, and model libraries, all combine to lower the barriers to getting into this kind of research. Computational modelling of important aspects of the Roman economy is already possible, as the chapters in this volume show, and the field offers a powerful set of tools to analyse an array of variables with a bearing on questions of movement, distribution, connectivity, production, trade, coin circulation, etc.
The purpose of the discussion here is not to attempt to summarise the findings of earlier chapters, but to sketch some avenues for how some of these questions might be pursued further, especially under the headings of: Agriculture; Transport, Distribution, Connectivity, and Trade; Demography; and Epidemiology. A review of useful source datasets is given, together with a discussion of desiderata.
ROMAN ECONOMY ECONOMY - ROMAN ECONOMY - ANCIENT COMPUTATIONAL MODELLING
Simulating Roman Economies: Theories, Methods, and Computational Models
September 2022
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Edited book
The use of formal modelling and computational simulation in studies of the Roman economy has become more common over the last decade. But detailed critical evaluations of this innovative approach are still missing and much needed. What kinds of insights about the Roman economy can it lead to that could not have been obtained through more established approaches, and how do simulation methods constructively enhance research processes in Roman Studies?
This edited volume addresses this need through critical discussion and convincing examples. It presents the Roman economy as a highly complex system, traditionally studied through critical examinations of material and textual sources, and understood through a wealth of diverging theories. A key contribution of simulation lies in its ability to formally represent diverse theories of Roman economic phenomena, and test them against empirical evidence. Critical simulation studies rely on collaboration across Roman data, theory and method specialisms, and can constructively enhance multivocality of theoretical debates of the Roman economy. This potential is illustrated, avoiding computational and mathematical language, through simulation studies of a wealth of Roman economic phenomena: from maritime trade and terrestrial transport infrastructures, through the economic impacts of the Antonine Plague and demography, to local cult economies and grain trade.
Through these examples and discussions, this volume aims to provide the common ground, guidance, and inspiration needed to make simulation methods part of the tools of the trade in Roman Studies, and to allow them to make constructive contributions to our understanding of the Roman economy.
ROMAN ECONOMY ECONOMY - ROMAN ECONOMY - ANCIENT COMPUTATIONAL MODELLING
A Series of Unfortunate Events: The end of classical urbanism in southwestern Asia Minor in the early seventh century AD
June 2022
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Chapter
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Mélanges James Howard-Johnston
APHRODISIAS, ASIA MINOR, BYZANTINE, BYZANTINE-PERSIAN WAR, EARTHQUAKES, EPHESOS, EPHESUS, HIERAPOLIS, LAODICAEIA, LAODIKEIA, LATE ANTIQUITY, PERSIAN INVASION, SARDIS, SEVENTH CENTURY, STRATONIKEIA
Coin Hoards and Hoarding in the Roman World
May 2022
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Edited book
COIN HOARDS HOARDING ROMAN EMPIRE COINS ECONOMY - ROMAN COIN CIRCULATION NUMISMATICS, COIN HOARDS, HOARDING, ROMAN EMPIRE, COINS, ECONOMY - ROMAN, COIN CIRCULATION, NUMISMATICS
The use of remote sensing and digital tools for cultural heritage management and archaeological research
March 2022
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Journal article
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Levant
This conclusion to the Special Issue on Endangered Archaeology in the Middle East and North Africa: Mapping, Heritage Management and Research assesses developments in the use of satellite imagery for archaeological research in recent decades, and the potential to use the large EAMENA database, designed for cultural heritage management, for wider questions of archaeological research.
Foggaras and the Garamantes: Hydraulic landscapes in the central Sahara
January 2022
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Chapter
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Irrigation in Early States: New Directions
Hundreds of underground irrigation canals, similar to the Persian qanats but known locally as foggaras, have been recorded in Fazzan, Libya’s southern desert province. Radiocarbon dating of the foggaras and associated sites has shown conclusively that these were in use from c.400 B.C. – A.D. 700. This corresponds to the heyday of a people known as the Garamantes, who can arguably be identified as the earliest polity in the Central Sahara. In this paper, the authors explore the relationship between the development of the Garamantian state and the development of complex irrigation systems. We consider the role of the hyper -arid environment and its impact on the adoption of intensive oasis agriculture and the potential for declining water tables and failing foggaras to have contributed to the decline of Garamantian power and cohesion. We also consider the human dimension of technological innovation and managerial responses in creating a constantly evolving set of irrigation systems with corresponding evidence for cooperation and conflict.
On the Roman-Byzantine adoption of the stirrup once more: a new find from seventh‐century Aphrodisias in Caria
June 2021
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Journal article
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Anatolian Studies
Archaeological evidence and the text of the Strategikon show that it was only in the late sixth century AD that the Roman-Byzantine military adopted the stirrup. It is now widely argued that the Avars, who settled in the Carpathian basin in the sixth century, played a key role in introducing iron stirrups to the Roman-Byzantine world. However, the evidence to support this assertion is limited. Although hundreds of stirrups have been found in Avar graves in the Carpathian basin, very few stirrups of sixth- or seventh-century date are known from the Roman-Byzantine empire - no more than seven - and only two of these are of definitively Avar type. The text of the Strategikon, sometimes argued to support this Avar source, can be interpreted differently, as indeed can the archaeological evidence. While the debate about the Roman-Byzantine adoption of the stirrup has focused mostly on finds from the Balkans, two early stirrups are known from Asia Minor, from Pergamon and Sardis. This paper presents a third, previously unpublished stirrup, from a seventh-century deposit at Aphrodisias in Caria; this is the first stirrup found in Asia Minor from a datable context. Here we present this find and its context, and use it to reconsider the model of solely Avar stirrup transmission that has dominated scholarship to date. So varied are the early stirrups that multiple sources of influence, Avar and other, and even a degree of experimentation, seem more likely to underpin the Roman-Byzantine adoption of this technology.
APHRODISIAS, ARCHAEOLOGY, STIIRRUPS
Terra septem diebus mugitum dedit: North African earthquakes revisited
April 2021
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Chapter
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L’automne de l’Afrique romaine. Hommages à Claude Lepelley
EARTHQUAKES NORTH AFRICA AD 365
Reply to Strunz and Braeckel: Agricultural failures logically link historical events to extreme climate following the 43 BCE Okmok eruption.
December 2020
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Journal article
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Disasters, Climate, Agriculture, Alaska
Introduction: recycling and reuse in the Roman economy
September 2020
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Chapter
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Recycling and Reuse in the Roman Economy
The importance of creating space for discussion between specialists lies at the heart of this volume. Many approaches to the study of past recycling and reuse enjoy shared methodologies and theoretical perspectives, so we can all learn from one another in this way. Furthermore, it is likely that the same agents were often responsible for the recycling (and to a lesser extent, reuse) of a whole range of materials, due to shared knowledge (e.g. of pyrotechnology), and because both activities have to do with the processing of waste. In this introductory chapter, we outline some of the key principles behind the creation of this volume, consider links between different chapters, and cast a light upon some of the ways in which the study of recycling and reuse can improve our understanding of the Roman economy.
ECONOMY - ANCIENT ECONOMY - ROMAN RECYCLING REUSE GLASS AMPHORAE
Recycling and Reuse in the Roman Economy
September 2020
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Edited book
The recycling and reuse of materials and objects were extensive in the past, but have rarely been embedded into models of the economy; even more rarely has any attempt been made to assess the scale of these practices. Recent developments, including the use of large datasets, computational modelling, and high-resolution analytical chemistry, are increasingly offering the means to reconstruct recycling and reuse, and even to approach the thorny matter of quantification. Growing scholarly interest in the topic has also led to an increasing recognition of these practices from those employing more traditional methodological approaches, which are sometimes coupled with innovative archaeological theory. Thanks to these efforts, it has been possible for the first time in this volume to draw together archaeological case studies on the recycling and reuse of a wide range of materials, from papyri and textiles, to amphorae, metals and glass, building materials and statuary. Recycling and reuse occur at a range of site types, and often in contexts which cross-cut material categories, or move from one object category to another. The volume focuses principally on the Roman Imperial and late antique world, over a broad geographical span ranging from Britain to North Africa and the East Mediterranean. Last, but not least, the volume is unique in focusing upon these activities as a part of the status quo, and not just as a response to crisis.
ECONOMY - ANCIENT ECONOMY - ROMAN RECYCLING REUSE GLASS AMPHORAE
When the Statue is both Marble and Lime
September 2020
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Chapter
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Recycling and Reuse in the Roman Economy
4303 Historical Studies, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska’s Okmok volcano in 43 BCE and its effects on the late Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Kingdom
June 2020
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Journal article
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
The assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE triggered a power struggle that ultimately ended the Roman Republic and, eventually, the Ptolemaic Kingdom, leading to the rise of the Roman Empire. Climate proxies and written documents indicate that this struggle occurred during a period of unusually inclement weather, famine, and disease in the Mediterranean region; historians have previously speculated that a large volcanic eruption of unknown origin was the most likely cause. Here we show using well-dated volcanic fallout records in six Arctic ice cores that one of the largest volcanic eruptions of the past 2,500 y occurred in early 43 BCE, with distinct geochemistry of tephra deposited during the event identifying the Okmok volcano in Alaska as the source. Climate proxy records show that 43 and 42 BCE were among the coldest years of recent millennia in the Northern Hemisphere at the start of one of the coldest decades. Earth system modeling suggests that radiative forcing from this massive, high-latitude eruption led to pronounced changes in hydroclimate, including seasonal temperatures in specific Mediterranean regions as much as 7 °C below normal during the 2 y period following the eruption and unusually wet conditions. While it is difficult to establish direct causal linkages to thinly documented historical events, the wet and very cold conditions from this massive eruption on the opposite side of Earth probably resulted in crop failures, famine, and disease, exacerbating social unrest and contributing to political realignments throughout the Mediterranean region at this critical juncture of Western civilization.
The diffusion of irrigation technologies in the Sahara in antiquity: settlement, trade and migration
March 2020
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Chapter
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Mobile Technologies in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond
EXPORTS FAZZAN GARAMANTES ROMAN ROMAN WORLD SAHARA TRADE MOBILITY IDENTITY STATE STATE FORMATION FORMATION TECHNOLOGY BC
Roman water-power: chronological trends and geographical spread
February 2020
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Chapter
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Capital, Investment, and Innovation in the Roman World
WATER-MILLS WATER-MILLS - ANCIENT WATER-MILLS - ROMAN WATER-POWER WATER-POWERED ORE STAMPS WATER-POWERED SAW MILLS ORE STAMPS ORE CRUSHING TECHNOLOGY - ANCIENT WORLD TECHNOLOGY - ROMAN ROMAN ECONOMY CAPITAL
Mediterranean Urbanisation in North Africa Greek, Punic and RomanModels
January 2020
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Chapter
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URBANISATION AND STATE FORMATION IN THE ANCIENT SAHARA AND BEYOND
Palaeogeographical and palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the Medjerda delta (Tunisia) during the Holocene
Pervasive Arctic lead pollution suggests substantial growth in medieval silver production modulated by plague, climate and conflict
July 2019
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Journal article
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Lead pollution in Arctic ice reflects large-scale historical changes in mid-latitude industrial activities such as ancient lead/silver production and recent fossil fuel burning. Here we used measurements in a broad array of thirteen accurately-dated ice cores from Greenland and Severnaya Zemlya to document spatial and temporal changes in Arctic lead pollution from 200 BCE to 2010 CE, with interpretation focused on 500 to 2010 CE. Detailed atmospheric transport modeling indicates that Arctic lead pollution was primarily from European emissions prior to the 19th-C. Industrial Revolution. Temporal variability was surprisingly similar across the large swath of the Arctic represented by the array, with 250- to 300-fold increases in lead pollution observed from the early Middle Ages to the 1970s industrial peak. Superimposed on these largely population-driven changes were pronounced, multi-annual to multi-decadal variations, marked by increases coincident with exploitation of new mining regions, improved technologies, and periods of economic prosperity; and decreases coincident with famines, climate disruptions, famines, major wars, and plagues. Our results suggest substantial overall and per capita growth in lead/silver mining and smelting emissions — and so silver production — during the Early Middle Ages, with lower or negative per capita growth during the High and Late Middle Ages and into the Earlypre-industrial MModern Period, particularly in northern Europe. Near the end of the 2nd Pandemic, lead pollution growth accelerated sharply and continued through the 2nd Industrial Revolution. Pollution abatement policies in the mid-latitudes have reduced Arctic lead pollution by >80% since the 1970s, but recent levels remain ~60-fold higher than at the start of the Middle Ages.
LEAD, LEAD POLLUTION, MINING, MEDIEVAL, ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION, ATMOSPHERIC PB, ARCTIC, ICE CORES, GREENLAND, AKADEMII NAUK, HARZ MOUNTAINS, ERZGEBIRGE MOUNTAINS, PLAGUE, ECONOMIC HISTORY
Lead and antimony in basal ice from Col du Dome (French Alps) dated with radiocarbon: A record of pollution during Antiquity
May 2019
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Journal article
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Geophysical Research Letters
Lead and antimony measurements in basal ice from the Col du Dome glacier document heavy metal pollution in western Europe associated with emissions from mining and smelting operations during European antiquity. Radiocarbon dating of the particulate organic carbon fraction in the ice suggests that the basal ice dates to ~5,000 ± 600 cal years BP. In agreement with a precisely dated Greenland lead record, the Col du Dome record indicates two periods of significant lead pollution during the Roman period, that is, the last centuries before the Common Era to the second century of the Common Era. Atmospheric modeling and the Col du Dome record consistently show an overall magnitude of the lead perturbation 100 times larger than in the Greenland record. Antimony closely tracked lead, with antimony pollution about 2 orders of magnitude lower, consistent with European peat records.
lead and antimony pollution due to Roman mining activities, FFR, radiocarbon dating of Alpine basal glacier ice
The economic resilience of Carthage during the Punic Wars: Insights from the sediments of the Medjerda delta around Utica (Tunisia)
April 2019
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Journal article
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
While the Punic Wars (264–146 BC) have been the subject of numerous studies, generally focused on their most sensational aspects (major battles, techniques of warfare, geopolitical strategies, etc.), curiously, the exceptional economic resilience of the Carthaginians in the face of successive defeats, loss of mining territory, and the imposition of war reparations has attracted hardly any attention. Here, we address this issue using a newly developed powerful tracer in geoarchaeology, that of Pb isotopes applied to paleopollution. We measured the Pb isotopic compositions of a well-dated suite of eight deep cores taken in the Medjerda delta around the city of Utica. The data provide robust evidence of ancient lead–silver mining in Tunisia and lay out a chronology for its exploitation, which appears to follow the main periods of geopolitical instability at the time: the Greco-Punic Wars (480–307 BC) and the Punic Wars (264–146 BC). During the last conflict, the data further suggest that Carthage was still able to pay indemnities and fund armies despite the loss of its traditional silver sources in the Mediterranean. This work shows that the mining of Tunisian metalliferous ores between the second half of the fourth and the beginning of the third century BC contributed to the emergence of Punic coinage and the development of the Carthaginian economy.
FFR
The walls of Carthage and the date of Augustine’s De Trinitate
April 2019
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Journal article
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Journal of Theological Studies
This article calls attention to a hitherto overlooked piece of evidence that securely dates the completion of Book IX and subsequent books of Augustine’s De Trinitate to AD 424/425 or later: in it Augustine refers to having seen the moenia (defensive walls) of Carthage, which were not built until AD 424/425. The essay reviews the evidence for and previous scholarship on the chronology of the composition and completion of the De Trinitate, and considers the implications of the new dating for the circumstances of its completion, situating it within the production of Augustine’s other major works in the mid- to late 420s.
chronology, North Africa, theology, Augustine, Boniface, late antiquity, De Trinitate
Exploration of the maritime façade of Utica: the potential location of the Phoenician and Roman harbours
April 2019
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Journal article
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Quaternary International
According to ancient literary tradition, Utica is considered to be one of the first three Phoenician foundations in the Western Mediterranean, supposedly founded in 1101 BC by Levantines from Tyre. In the Phoenician and Roman periods it was an important merchant coastal town, on a promontory facing the sea. Over the centuries Utica lost its access to the sea, and its ports silted up as a consequence of the activity of the wadi Medjerda, which flowed to the south of the city. Despite over a century of investigation by archaeologists and associated researchers, the location of the city’s harbour structures from the Phoenician and Roman periods remains unknown, buried under sediments resulting from the progradation of the Medjerda. Based on the study of sedimentary cores, the research presented here highlights the existence of a long maritime façade to the north of the Utica promontory in Phoenician and Roman times. A deep-water marine environment is attested in the former bay from the 6th mill. BC and the depth of the water column along the northern façade was still 2 m around the 4th – 3rd c. BC. Another core to the east of the Kalaat El Andalous promontory showed the possibility that this sector was a sheltered harbour during the Phoenician and Roman periods. This paper illustrates the contribution of geoarchaeology to address this archaeological problem and to understand the relations of this important port city with the sea.
Visual Histories of the Classical World: Essays in Honour of R.R.R. Smith
ROMAN ARCHAEOLOGY, APHRODISIAS, EARTHQUAKES, HISTORICAL EARTHQUAKES
Aphrodisias in the long sixth century
January 2019
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Chapter
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Asia Minor in the Long Sixth Century: Current Research and Future Directions
This chapter considers the evidence for urban life and urban change at Aphrodisias in the long sixth century, drawing in particular on the evidence from recent excavations in the ‘Place of Palms’ that shows late antique rebuilding of the monumental pool and the surrounding colonnades there, which can be associated also with evidence for repairs to the Hadrianic Baths, the North Agora, the bouleuterion, and parts of the city wall shortly before or around AD 500. This enormous building and repair programme speaks eloquently to the vitality of urban life at Aphrodisias as the sixth century opened. Gameboards and graffiti around the rebuilt pool shed light on the use of this public space during the sixth century, while epigraphic and archaeological evidence allow us to trace further changes to the monumental architecture of the city centre. These include the construction of a header tank to continue supply to pressurised fountains around the monumental pool, perhaps in the reign of Justinian, and the apparently contemporary creation of a street fountain (‘Gaudin’s Fountain’) elsewhere in the city; and evidence for continued use of and repairs to the monumental Hadrianic Baths, whose floor paving was repaired and re-set as late as AD 610 or after. Finally, the end of the monumental city in the early seventh century is discussed, and its possible connection with the Persian invasions of Asia Minor; a series of burned deposits suggest multiple conflagrations around the city in the period AD 614–616, and the recent excavations show that these fires were followed soon afterwards by an earthquake. There is evidence for an organised clean-up of much of the destruction debris, showing some continued civic organisation, but thereafter the city never regained the monumentality it had had before.
APHRODISIAS EARTHQUAKES FIRE PERSIAN INVASION SIXTH CENTURY SEVENTH CENTURY LATE ANTIQUITY BUILDING ACTIVITY EUERGETISM
'Vaisseaux du désert et emporia des oasis : les réseaux commerciaux du Sahara antique
June 2018
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Chapter
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Mer et désert de l’Antiquité à nos jours. Approches croisées
The metaphor of camels as ships of the desert is a cliché, but invites us to consider parallels between desert caravan trade and maritime trade. This paper will review current thinking on the nature of ancient Saharan and trans-Saharan trading networks during the Roman period, and explore the extent to which patterns of ancient maritime trade might provide some useful models for thinking about Saharan trade. It is clear from depictions of Roman ships in Saharan rock art that some travellers or traders in the Sahara were familiar with Mediterranean ships, but there are also instructive similarities between the general patterns of ancient Saharan trade and maritime trade.
Oases can be thought of as islands in a sea of sand, and are connected to their nearest neighbours; longer-distance routes consist of a series of such connections. Caravans are limited in the distance they can travel between oases, or points of water; and oases thus have a major role as revictualling points or staging posts on trans-Saharan routes. However, it is questionable how far this encouraged a kind of cabotage trading, selling parts of the cargo at each oasis port of call, since higher profits could usually be obtained from larger markets at the far ends of the system.
Yet certain oases, principally major groups in the territory of the Garamantes in the Fazzan (Libyan Sahara), seem to have acted as major entrepôts for the redistribution of goods. In the better-documented Saharan trade of the medieval and early modern periods, caravans did not usually cross the entire Sahara, but broke up and reformed at centres in the Fazzan (e.g. Murzuk) or the Algerian Sahara (Touat, Gourara, Tidikelt oases). Different breeds of camels were used on the northern and the southern parts of the system, and the central Saharan oases acted as major markets and had to be able to support – in terms of food and water – large caravans for several weeks or even months, while traders waited to buy a return cargo. As with maritime ports, water supply and provisioning infrastructure was a constraint on the volume of traffic that could be handed by these oases. Arguably, in the late first millennium BC and the early first millennium AD, the water supply infrastructure in the form of foggaras (subterranean irrigation and water supply channels) in the Fazzan far exceeded that of the same area in the medieval and later periods, and could therefore have supported a larger caravan throughput (which is not to say that it certainly did). This trading system created major markets within the Sahara itself, reflected in the range and quality of imported Roman goods in the Garamantian Fazzan. These markets in some respect resemble entrepôts of a maritime system, combining the sale and purchase of long-distance caravan cargoes with a more local set of trading connections both feeding into and benefiting from the longer-distance trade.
Lead pollution recorded in Greenland ice indicates European emissions tracked plagues, wars, and imperial expansion during antiquity
May 2018
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Journal article
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Lead pollution in Arctic ice reflects midlatitude emissions from ancient lead–silver mining and smelting. The few reported measurements have been extrapolated to infer the performance of ancient economies, including comparisons of economic productivity and growth during the Roman Republican and Imperial periods. These studies were based on sparse sampling and inaccurate dating, limiting understanding of trends and specific linkages. Here we show, using a precisely dated record of estimated lead emissions between 1100 BCE and 800 CE derived from subannually resolved measurements in Greenland ice and detailed atmospheric transport modeling, that annual European lead emissions closely varied with historical events, including imperial expansion, wars, and major plagues. Emissions rose coeval with Phoenician expansion, accelerated during expanded Carthaginian and Roman mining primarily in the Iberian Peninsula, and reached a maximum under the Roman Empire. Emissions fluctuated synchronously with wars and political instability particularly during the Roman Republic, and plunged coincident with two major plagues in the second and third centuries, remaining low for >500 years. Bullion in silver coinage declined in parallel, reflecting the importance of lead–silver mining in ancient economies. Our results indicate sustained economic growth during the first two centuries of the Roman Empire, terminated by the second-century Antonine plague.
lead pollution, plague, war, antiquity, ice core
Coin Hoards of the Roman Empire Project
January 2018
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Dataset
The Coin Hoards of the Roman Empire Project is a joint initiative of the Ashmolean Museum and the Oxford Roman Economy Project. It intends to fill a major lacuna in the digital coverage of coin hoards from antiquity. It aims to collect information about hoards of all coinages in use in the Roman Empire between approximately 30 BC and AD 400. Imperial Coinage forms the main focus of the project, but Iron Age and Roman Provincial coinages in circulation within this period are also included to give a complete picture of the monetary systems of both the West and the East. In 2019 the scope of the Project was extended to include hoards of Roman coins from outside the Empire. The intention of the Project is to provide the foundations for a systematic Empire-wide study of hoarding and to promote the integration of numismatic data into broader research on the Roman Economy.
Roman Military Archaeology in Danger
January 2018
|
Chapter
|
LIMES XXIII. Proceedings of the 23rd International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies Ingolstadt 2015. Akten des 23. Internationalen Limeskongress in Ingolstadt 2015
FRONTIERS LIMES FORTS ENDANGERED ARCHAEOLOGY
Roman nightlife
January 2018
|
Chapter
|
La nuit: imaginaire et réalités nocturnes dans la monde gréco-romaine
This paper discusses a combination of written and archaeological evidence for nocturnal activities in the Roman world. It considers methods of measuring the night, where the means of measuring time had to advance beyond the sundial: water clocks, and Ktesibios’ improvements to them, are important here. Lighting is of course essential to many activities taking place at night, and the paper considers the effectiveness and limitations of available lighting technology — both in domestic settings, and in public. The humble oil lamp is a leitmotif in this paper, but we will also consider the rarity or otherwise of urban street lighting, and the infrastructure and organisation required for it.
Lighting in public places enabled other nocturnal activities, both routine and exceptional. Several inscriptions provide evidence for the opening of some public baths at night, and distributions of oil for gymnasia both night and day. Some festivals occurred at night, notably the maiouma, whose popularity spread in late antiquity.
Finally, the paper considers questions of the length of the productive working day, and the extent to which the availability of daylight neither did nor did not limit economic performance. This includes the evidence for night shifts and round-the-clock working — textual evidence for shift work in mines, iconographic evidence for milling by lamplight; nocturnal traffic in cities, and the question of 24-hour navigation at sea.
Roman, nightlife, lamps, illumination, ancient history, Roman history, social history
From above and on the ground: Geospatial methods for recording endangered archaeology in the middle East and North Africa
December 2017
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Journal article
|
Geosciences (Switzerland)
The EAMENA (Endangered Archaeology of the Middle East and North Africa) project is a collaboration between the Universities of Leicester, Oxford and Durham; it is funded by the Arcadia Fund and the Cultural Protection Fund. This paper explores the development of the EAMENA methodology, and discusses some of the problems of working across such a broad region. We discuss two main case studies: the World Heritage site of Cyrene illustrates how the project can use satellite imagery (dating from the 1960s to 2017), in conjunction with published data to create a detailed set of database records for a single site and, in particular, highlights the impact of modern urban expansion across the region. Conversely, the Homs Cairns case study demonstrates how the EAMENA methodology also works at an extensive scale, and integrates image interpretation (using imagery dating from the 1960s to 2016), landuse mapping and field survey (2007–2010) to record and analyse the condition of hundreds of features across a small study region. This study emphasises the impact of modern agricultural and land clearing activities. Ultimately, this paper assesses the effectiveness of the EAMENA approach, evaluating its potential success against projects using crowd-sourcing and automation for recording archaeological sites, and seeks to determine the most appropriate methods to use to document sites and assess disturbances and threats across such a vast and diverse area.
Saharan exports to the Roman world
November 2017
|
Chapter
|
Trade in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond
Introduction: trade, commerce, and the state
November 2017
|
Chapter
|
Trade, Commerce, and the State in the Roman World
Trade across Rome’s southern frontier: the Sahara and the Garamantes
November 2017
|
Chapter
|
Trade, Commerce, and the State in the Roman World
Trade, Commerce, and the State in the Roman world
November 2017
|
Edited book
In this volume, papers by leading Roman historians and archaeologists discuss trade within the Roman Empire and beyond its frontiers between c.100 BC and AD 350, and the role of the state in shaping the institutional framework for trade.
Introduction: investigating an urban economy
January 2017
|
Chapter
|
The Economy of Pompeii
POMPEII URBAN PRODUCTION ECONOMY - ROMAN
Rivers, wadis and climate in North Africa: torrents and drought
January 2017
|
Chapter
|
Roman Fluvial Landscapes: riverine change and human response under the Roman Empire
The Economy of Pompeii
January 2017
|
Edited book
Endangered archaeology in the Middle East and North Africa: Introducing the EAMENA project
March 2016
|
Chapter
|
CAA2015. Keep The Revolution Going: Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology
This project uses satellite imagery and historic aerial photographs to discover and interpret archaeological sites. It has created an open access database of archaeological records that provides basic information so that the sites can be better understood and preserved in the future. The threats to sites in the Middle East and North Africa are increasing and creating a record of previously unrecorded sites using this methodology may be our the last chance before they are destroyed.
Introduction
February 2016
|
Chapter
|
Urban Craftsmen and Traders in the Roman World
The chapters in this volume have their origin in a workshop organized by the Oxford Roman Economy Project and held at Wolfson College, Oxford, United Kingdom, 21-23 July 2011.
Roman craftsmen and traders: towards an intellectual history
February 2016
|
Chapter
|
Urban craftsmen and traders in the Roman world
URBAN PRODUCTION CRAFTSMEN TRADE ROMAN ECONOMY - ROMAN
Urban craftsmen and traders in the Roman world
February 2016
|
Edited book
Excavations in an urban park (“South Agora”), 2012
January 2016
|
Chapter
|
Aphrodisias Papers 5: Excavation and Research at Aphrodisias, 2006–2012
APHRODISIAS TURKEY
The Olympian (Hadrianic) Baths at Aphrodisias: layout, operation, and financing
January 2016
|
Chapter
|
Aphrodisias Papers 5: Excavation and Research at Aphrodisias, 2006–2012
APHRODISIAS TURKEY
The Saharan Berber diaspora and the southern frontiers of Byzantine North Africa
January 2016
|
Chapter
|
North Africa under Byzantium and Early Islam
ROME BYZANTINE ISLAMIC AFRICA SOUTHERN FRONTIERS NORTH AFRICA BERBERS GARAMANTES SAHARA TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE
Water, nymphs and a palm grove: monumental water display at Aphrodisias
January 2016
|
Chapter
|
Aphrodisias Papers 5: Excavation and Research at Aphrodisias, 2006–2012
This study attempts to provide an overview of the main characteristics of the public distribution and use of water within the city of Aphrodisias, as currently understood. It focuses in particular on the so-called South Agora, with its extraordinarily large monumental pool fed by fountains, and tries to reconstruct the supply and functioning of this pool. The South Agora was certainly not an agora, and it is argued that it is in fact the location of the palm grove mentioned in two inscriptions, and that it was inspired by the formal plantings in the porticos of Rome. In Late Antiquity there were two major sets of restorations of and alterations to the supply and drainage arrangements of the South Agora, showing a sustained effort to maintain the monumental water display of this part of the city centre until the late 6th c.
Aphrodisias, Turkey
The Geoarchaeology of Utica, Tunisia: The Paleogeography of the Mejerda Delta and Hypotheses Concerning the Location of the Ancient Harbor
Characterising copper-based metals in Britain in the first millennium AD: a preliminary quantification of metal flow and recycling
June 2015
|
Journal article
|
Antiquity
4301 Archaeology, 4303 Historical Studies, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology, Acquired Cognitive Impairment, Alzheimer's Disease, Alzheimer's Disease including Alzheimer's Disease Related Dementias (AD/ADRD), Dementia, Brain Disorders, Neurodegenerative, Aging
Excavations at Utica by the Tunisian‐British Utica Project 2014
June 2015
|
Report
|
Excavations at Utica by the Tunisian‐British Utica Project 2014
excavation, SBTMR, Islamic archaeology, Punic archaeology, Roman archaeology, archaeology, Utica
Richard Stein . The Roman water pump: unique evidence for Roman mastery of mechanical engineering (Monographies Instrumentum 48). 378 pages, 163 b&w illustrations. 2014. Montagnac: Monique Mergoil; 978-2-35518-040-8 paperback €74.
June 2015
|
Journal article
|
Antiquity
4303 Historical Studies, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
1 Red Sea Trade and the State
January 2015
|
Chapter
|
Across the Ocean: Nine Essays on Indo-Mediterranean Trade
The content of African Keay 25 / Africana 3 amphorae: initial results of the CORONAM project
January 2015
|
Chapter
|
Archaeoanalytics – Chromatography and DNA analysis in archaeology
This paper presents the first results of the CORONAM (COntent of ROmaN AMphorae) project, an informal international research network on amphorae and the history of Roman trade. Samples of several Keay 25 (Africana 3) subtypes were analysed in an attempt to determine vessel content. Visible residues from the interior of vessels as well as ceramic samples of the vessel walls were analysed by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). Results indicated that the vessels’ interiors were coated with Pine pitch and some samples indicated a content of wine.
AMPHORAE residue analysis
The Roman water pump: unique evidence for Roman mastery of mechanical engineering
January 2015
|
Journal article
|
ANTIQUITY
Excavations at Utica by the Tunisian‐British Utica Project 2013
December 2014
|
Other
|
Excavations at Utica by the Tunisian‐British Utica Project 2013
Tunisia, Utica, SBTMR, North Africa
Quantifying Roman economic performance by means of proxies : pitfalls and potential
January 2014
|
Chapter
|
Long-Term. Quantification in Ancient Mediterranean History
Many histories of economic growth over the longue durée usually start around AD 1000, tracing a gradual growth in the early middle ages with the weakening of feudalism and the development of urbanism, markets and economic institutions. Long-run models and graphs of world economic performance tend to retroject the period before this as a more or less steady state, contributing to a view in which economic progress in preindustrial societies is minimal or gradual, but without engaging with the possibility of either sustained growth or serious economic collapse. Building on recent work in archaeology and ancient history, however, we can extend the perspective back beyond the AD 1000 watershed, and open up some very different views. Increasingly, historians and archaeologists are attempting to grapple with these questions by using proxy data that may be thought to bear some relation to certain sectors of the economy, or to overall performance. Most of the proxies used have turned out to be problematic in one or another aspect, but this does not invalidate the exercise; probing the reasons for data bias leads to a better understanding of what the evidence actually does show. In this paper I examine criteria for proxy construction and presentation, to reduce the misleading effects of graphing often imprecise data. I examine a number of commonly used proxies (shipwrecks, stature, lead and copper pollution, animal bone consumption), looking at their strengths and weaknessess. I also present some early attempts at constructing new proxies, some of which might hold greater promise but which currently either suffer from small sample sizes (fish-salting capacity, water-mills) or regionally uneven collection policies (building inscriptions), neither of which is an insuperable problem. The different pictures presented by archaeological, literary and documentary data for the same phenomena are compared, and the importance of regional disaggregation stressed. Finally, the paper tackles attempts to compare the trends suggested by several proxies.
ancient history, quantification, Roman archaeology, archaeology, economic history, Roman economy
review of: A. Rogers, Water and Roman Urbanism: Towns, Waterscapes, Land Transformation and Experience in Roman Britain
January 2014
|
Journal article
|
Britannia
Excavations at Utica by the Tunisian-British Utica Project 2012
December 2013
|
Other
|
Excavations at Utica by the Tunisian‐British Utica Project 2012
North Africa, Tunisia, SBTMR, Utica
The Roman Agricultural Economy: Organization, Investment, and Production
May 2013
|
Edited book
This volume is a collection of studies which presents new analyses of the nature and scale of Roman agriculture in the Mediterranean world from c. 100 BC to AD 350.
History
Introduction: Quantifying Roman agriculture
May 2013
|
Chapter
|
The Roman Agricultural Economy: Organization, Investment, and Production
This collection presents new analyses for the nature and scale of Roman agriculture.
History, Ancient History, Archaeology, Economic History, Roman Economy
Capitolia
January 2013
|
Journal article
|
Journal of Roman Studies
Mechanical irrigation: water-lifting devices in the archaeological evidence and in the Egyptian papyri
January 2013
|
Chapter
|
The Roman Agricultural Economy: Organization, Investment, and Production
PAPYRI, ECONOMY, ECONOMY - ROMAN EMPIRE, IRRIGATION, WATER-LIFTING DEVICES, ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE, Archaeology, Ancient History
Response to D. Jennings, A Critical Analysis of the Report: ‘Statement of Significance: Cârnic Massif, Roşia Montană, jud Alba Romania’ by A Wilson, D Mattingly and M Dawson
January 2013
|
Other
ROSIA MONTANA ROMANIA MINING GOLD MINES GOLD MINING
The aqueduct of Butrint
January 2013
|
Chapter
|
Butrint 4. The Archaeology and Histories of an Ionian town
ALBANIA AQUEDUCTS AQUEDUCTS - ROMAN ARCHAEOLOGY BUTRINT HISTORY INCOMPLETE NYMPHAEA
The Mediterranean environment in ancient history : perspectives and prospects
January 2013
|
Chapter
|
The Ancient Mediterranean Environment between Science and History
This chapter focuses on energy, climate and climate change, and environmental questions of land use, deforestation, mountains and rivers. It also focuses on historical research on the ancient environment-but we should recall that several important facets of the environment, including the marine environment, pollution, and natural disasters such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions (on which more below) are absent from such treatments. They reflect not only a current interest in mankind’s impact on the natural environment, but also renewed interest, in the face of advances in climate science, in how the environment influences human action, and history. To explore the extent to which past societies might have been able to control and manage their environment, it perhaps useful to review Roman understanding of the hydrological cycle.
energy, deforestation, hydrological cycle, climate, Mediterranean environment, Roman archaeology, climate history, climate change, ancient history, archaeology
Trading across the Syrtes: Euesperides and the Punic world
Saharan trade in the Roman period: short-, medium- and long-distance trade networks
December 2012
|
Journal article
|
Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa
A forum on trade
November 2012
|
Chapter
|
The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Economy
Raw materials and energy
November 2012
|
Chapter
|
The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Economy
Large-Scale Manufacturing, Standardization, and Trade
September 2012
|
Chapter
|
The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World
This article explores the chief features and limitations of mass production in the ancient world, and what the phenomenon might imply about the nature and performance of the ancient economy. It also describes the technologies of large-scale manufacturing and of organization. Trade in marble illustrates a basic division of labor, spatially separated between quarries and final workshops. The production of bread using baking and milling, and the manufacture of decorative marble objects are then dealt with in this article. Large-scale production is particularly apparent in certain kinds of food production and the processing of agricultural produce; in some of these, the scale of production that was achieved was maintained by a limited use of machines. There is much more research that needs to be done, particularly on the mass production of arms and armor, and we are only just beginning to see how to read clues about organization and division of labor from the archaeology of production sites.
André Tchernia. Les Romains et le commerce. 431 pages, 10 illustrations, 1 table. 2011. Naples: Centre Jean Bérard; 978-2-918887-06-5 paperback € 30.
June 2012
|
Journal article
|
Antiquity
4303 Historical Studies, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
Water, power and culture in the Roman and Byzantine worlds: an introduction
April 2012
|
Journal article
|
Water History
3707 Hydrology, 4406 Human Geography, 37 Earth Sciences, 44 Human Society
Neo-Punic and Latin inscriptions in Roman North Africa: function and display
January 2012
|
Chapter
|
Multilingualism in the Graeco-Roman worlds
AFRICA BILINGUALISM DISPLAY INCOMPLETE INSCRIPTIONS INSCRIPTIONS - LATIN INSCRIPTIONS - NEO-PUNIC LATIN LEPCIS MAGNA NEO-PUNIC NORTH AFRICA OEA ROMAN SABRATHA TRIPOLITANIA
Roman ports and Mediterranean connectivity
January 2012
|
Chapter
|
Rome, Portus and the Mediterranean
ECONOMY - ROMAN HARBOURS INCOMPLETE MEDITERRANEAN PORTS PORTUS ROMAN ROME SHIPWRECKS TRADE
Settlement, Urbanization, and Population
December 2011
|
Edited book
This volume presents a collection of studies focussing on population and settlement patterns in the Roman empire in the perspective of the economic development ...
History, Roman History, Roman Archaeology, Economic History, Demography, Urban studies
Maritime Archaeology and Ancient Trade in the Mediterranean
September 2011
|
Edited book
History, Roman Archaeology, Roman History, Roman Economy, Ancient Trade, Maritime Archaeology
Case study: The red marble thrones of the Lateran: the afterlife of Roman toilet seats
January 2011
|
Chapter
|
Roman Toilets: Their Archaeology and Cultural History
TOILETS SANITATION HYGIENE LATRINES WATER
City sizes and urbanization in the Roman Empire
January 2011
|
Chapter
|
Settlement, Urbanization, and Population
CITIES CITY DEMOGRAPHY ECONOMY ECONOMY - ROMAN EMPIRE OXFORD POPULATION ROMAN ROMAN ECONOMY ROMAN EMPIRE SETTLEMENT URBAN DEVELOPMENT URBANISATION
Developments in Mediterranean shipping and maritime trade from the Hellenistic period to AD 1000
January 2011
|
Chapter
|
Maritime Archaeology and Ancient Trade in the Mediterranean
DMP XII: Excavations and Survey of the so-called Garamantian Royal Cemetery (GSC030–031)
January 2011
|
Journal article
|
Libyan Studies
4301 Archaeology, 4303 Historical Studies, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
DMP XIII: Reconnaissance Survey of Archaeological Sites in the Murzuq Area
January 2011
|
Journal article
|
Libyan Studies
4301 Archaeology, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
Economy
January 2011
|
Chapter
|
Leptiminus (Lamta), Report no. 3: The field survey
ECONOMY ECONOMY - ROMAN FIELD SURVEY LEPTIMINUS NORTH AFRICA SURVEY TUNISIA URBAN PRODUCTION
Euesperides (Benghazi): summary of excavations 1999–2006
January 2011
|
Journal article
|
Libya Antiqua
Gazetteer of sites in the urban survey
January 2011
|
Chapter
|
Leptiminus (Lamta), Report no. 3: The field survey
AQUEDUCTS CISTERNS - RESERVOIR CISTERNS CISTERNS - ROMAN FIELD SURVEY LEPTIMINUS NORTH AFRICA SURVEY TUNISIA WATER-SUPPLY
Harbour to Desert, Emporium to Sanctuary: Response
January 2011
|
Journal article
|
Bolletino di archeologia on line
DESERT KASSERINE MAUSOLEUM SANCTUARIES TRADE
Introduction
January 2011
|
Chapter
|
Settlement, Urbanization, and Population
This introductory chapter discusses settlement, population, and urbanization in the Roman economy. The book focuses on the size and relationship of settlements; the role of urbanization and urban communities in the context of wider settlement patterns; methods of estimating sizes (relative absolute) of populations or units of population (city, village, household, and so on). An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
Introduction: Maritime Archaeology and the Ancient Economy
January 2011
|
Chapter
|
Maritime Archaeology and Ancient Trade in the Mediterranean
ANCIENT ARCHAEOLOGY ECONOMY - ROMAN HARBOURS MARITIME MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY MARITIME TRADE MEDITERRANEAN SHIPPING SHIPWRECKS TECHNOLOGY TRADE
Statement of Significance: Cǎrnic Massif, Roşia Montanǎ, jud Alba Romania
January 2011
|
Other
ROSIA MONTANA ROMANIA MINING GOLD MINES GOLD MINING
The economic influence of developments in maritime technology in antiquity
January 2011
|
Chapter
|
Maritime Technology in the Ancient Economy: Ship-Design and Navigation
Ancient technology, Ancient History, Roman History, Roman Archaeology, Maritime Archaeology
The economy of ordure
January 2011
|
Chapter
|
Roman Toilets: Their Archaeology and Cultural History
ROMAN HISTORY, ARCHAEOLOGY, TOILETS, SANITATION, HYGIENE
Urban morphology, infrastructure and amenities
January 2011
|
Chapter
|
Leptiminus (Lamta), Report no. 3: The field survey
ECONOMY - ROMAN FIELD SURVEY INCOMPLETE LEPTIMINUS NORTH AFRICA SURVEY TUNISIA URBAN DEVELOPMENT URBANISM
Urination and defecation Roman-style
January 2011
|
Chapter
|
Roman Toilets: Their Archaeology and Cultural History
TOILETS SANITATION HYGIENE LATRINES WATER
Survey and excavation at Utica 2010
December 2010
|
Other
|
Survey and excavation at Utica 2010
Tunisia, Utica, SBTMR, North Africa
Alexandria and the North-Western Delta
December 2010
|
Edited book
History, Roman Archaeology, Roman History, Ancient History, Alexandria, Roman Egypt, Hellenistic Egypt, Archaeology
Archaeological Fieldwork Reports: Utica
November 2010
|
Journal article
|
Papers of the British School at Rome
4301 Archaeology, 4303 Historical Studies, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
Concluding thoughts: Made in Fazzan?
January 2010
|
Chapter
|
The Archaeology of Fazzan
ARCHAEOLOGY FAZZAN FEZZAN GARAMANTES LIBYA NORTH AFRICA POTTERY POTTERY - ROMAN SAHARA TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE
DMP X: Survey and Landscape Conservation Issues around the Tāqallit headland
January 2010
|
Journal article
|
Libyan Studies
4301 Archaeology, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
The Roman watermills
January 2010
|
Chapter
|
The Roman Watermills and Settlement at Ickham, Kent
ARCHAEOLOGY BRITAIN CANTERBURY ICKHAM KENT ROMAN SETTLEMENT SPAIN WATER-MILLS - ROMAN
Utica
January 2010
|
Journal article
|
Papers of the British School at Rome
A baker's funerary relief from Rome
November 2009
|
Journal article
|
Papers of the British School at Rome
4301 Archaeology, 4303 Historical Studies, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
Quantifying the Roman economy: Methods and Problems
August 2009
|
Edited book
This innovative monograph series reflects a vigorous revival of interest in the ancient economy, focusing on the Mediterranean world under Roman rule (c.100 BC ...
Roman History, Roman Archaeology, Economic History, Roman Economy
9 Approaches to Quantifying Roman Trade
June 2009
|
Chapter
|
Quantifying the Roman Economy
4301 Archaeology, 4303 Historical Studies, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
DMP V: Investigations in 2009 of Cemeteries and Related Sites on the West Side of the Taqallit Promontory
January 2009
|
Journal article
|
Libyan Studies
4301 Archaeology, 4303 Historical Studies, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
Foggaras in ancient North Africa: or how to marry a Berber Princess
January 2009
|
Chapter
|
Contrôle et distribution de l'eau dans le Maghreb antique et médiéval
AFRICA ALGERIA ANCIENT FEZZAN FOGGARAS GARAMANTES LIBYA MAGHREB NORTH AFRICA ROME SAHARA TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE TUNISIA WATER MANAGEMENT
Indicators for Roman economic growth: a response to Walter Scheidel
January 2009
|
Journal article
|
Journal of Roman Archaeology
4301 Archaeology, 4303 Historical Studies, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
Meninx VI: sondage across the line of aqueducts 1 and 2
January 2009
|
Chapter
|
An Island through time: Jerba studies
AQUEDUCTS AQUEDUCTS - NORTH AFRICA DJERBA INCOMPLETE JERBA MENINX TIME TUNISIA WATER-SUPPLY
Quantifying the Roman Economy: Integration, Growth, Decline?
January 2009
|
Chapter
|
Quantifying the Roman Economy: Methods and Problems
ECONOMY, ECONOMY - ROMAN, ROMAN TRADE, ROMAN HISTORY, ROMAN ARCHAEOLOGY, ANCIENT HISTORY, CLASSICS, ARCHAEOLOGY, ECONOMIC GROWTH
Villas, horticulture and irrigation infrastructure in the Tiber Valley
January 2009
|
Chapter
|
Mercator Placidissimus: The Tiber Valley in Antiquity. New research in the upper and middle river valley
AGRICULTURE ANTIQUITY CISTERNS ECONOMY - ROMAN HORTICULTURE IRRIGATION ITALY RESEARCH ROME TIBER TIBER VALLEY VILLAS
Water supply in the Roman period: aqueducts and cisterns
January 2009
|
Chapter
|
An Island through time: Jerba studies
AQUEDUCTS AQUEDUCTS - NORTH AFRICA CISTERNS CISTERNS - ROMAN DJERBA JERBA ROMAN ROMAN PERIOD TIME TUNISIA WATER WATER-SUPPLY
Classical and Hellenistic textile production at Euesperides (Benghazi, Libya): preliminary results
January 2008
|
Chapter
|
Purpureae Vestes, II: Vestidos, Textiles y Tintes. Estudios sobre la producción de bienes de consumo en la antigüedad. Actas del II symposium internacional sobre textiles y tintes del Mediterrneo en el mundo antiguo (Ate...
Roman Empire, Europe, Economy - Roman, Roman history, Roman archaeology, Roman economy, Economic history, Trade
Hydraulic Engineering
January 2008
|
Chapter
|
Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World
AQUEDUCTS CISTERNS DRAINAGE ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY - ANCIENT WORLD TECHNOLOGY - GREEK TECHNOLOGY - ROMAN WATER-LIFTING DEVICES WATER-SUPPLY WELLS
Machines
January 2008
|
Chapter
|
Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World
ECONOMY - ROMAN ENGINEERING GREEK MACHINE MACHINES MASS PRODUCTION MECHANICS MECHANISMS ROMAN TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY - ANCIENT WORLD TECHNOLOGY - GREEK TECHNOLOGY - ROMAN TRADE
Purple dye production at Hellenistic Euesperides (Benghazi, Libya)
January 2008
|
Chapter
|
Ressources et activités maritimes des Peuples de l'Antiquité
BENGHAZI CYRENAICA DYE DYEING DYEWORKS EUESPERIDES HELLENISTIC INCOMPLETE LIBYA MUREX NORTH AFRICA PURPLE
Site recovery rates and the ancient population of the Biferno Valley
January 2008
|
Chapter
|
Archaeology and Landscape in Central Italy. Papers in Memory of John A. Lloyd
ANCIENT ARCHAEOLOGY BIFERNO VALLEY SURVEY DEMOGRAPHY FIELD SURVEY ITALY LANDSCAPE OXFORD POPULATION
The problem of water supply
January 2008
|
Chapter
|
Sidi Ali ben Ahmed - Thamusida
AQUEDUCTS MOROCCO NORTH AFRICA THAMUSIDA WATER WATER-SUPPLY
Fish-salting workshops in Sabratha
January 2007
|
Chapter
|
Cetariae 2005. Salsas y Salazones de Pescado en Occidente durante la Antigüedad. Actas del Congreso Internacional (Cádiz, 7-9 de noviembre de 2005)
The castra of Frontinus
January 2007
|
Chapter
|
Res bene gestae. Richerche di storia urbana su Roma antica in onore di Eva Margareta Steinby. Roma, Quasar
The metal supply of the Roman Empire
January 2007
|
Chapter
|
Supplying Rome
COINAGE ECONOMY - ROMAN EMPIRE METAL METAL SUPPLY METALS MINING MONEY SUPPLY ROMAN ROMAN EMPIRE ROME
The uptake of mechanical technology in the ancient world: the water-mill (OXREP working paper)
January 2007
|
Other
TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY - ANCIENT WORLD TECHNOLOGY - ROMAN WATER-MILLS
Urban development in the Severan empire
January 2007
|
Chapter
|
SEVERAN CULTURE
Dolaucothi-Pumsaint: Survey and Excavations at a Roman Gold-Mining Complex 1987–1999. By B. Burnham and H. Burnham. Oxbow Books, Oxford, 2004. Pp. xi + 339, figs 207, tables 37. Price: £60.00. ISBN 1 84217 112 7.
November 2006
|
Journal article
|
Britannia
4301 Archaeology, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
Euesperides 2006: Preliminary Report on the Spring 2006 season
January 2006
|
Journal article
|
Libyan Studies
4301 Archaeology, 4303 Historical Studies, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
Fishy business: Roman exploitation of marine resources
January 2006
|
Journal article
|
Journal of Roman Archaeology
4301 Archaeology, 4303 Historical Studies, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
Molinae
January 2006
|
Chapter
|
Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae: Suburbium
AQUA TRAIANA AQUEDUCTS AQUEDUCTS - ITALY - ROME BYZANTINE GOTHS JANICULUM ROME SUBURBIUM TOPOGRAPHY WATER-MILLS - MEDIEVAL WATER-MILLS - ROMAN
New light on a Greek city: archaeology and history at Euesperides
January 2006
|
Chapter
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Cirenaica: studi, scavi e scoperte. Parte I: Nuovi dati da città e territorio
ARCHAEOLOGY BENGHAZI CITIES CITY COARSEWARES CYRENAICA EUESPERIDES GREEK HELLENISTIC HISTORY LIBYA LIGHT MAGAS NORTH AFRICA POTTERY - GREEK - HELLENISTIC TRADE
The economic impact of technological advances in the Roman construction industry
January 2006
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Chapter
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Innovazione tecnica e progresso economico nel mondo romano
BRICKS BUILDING TECHNIQUES BUILDING TRADE ECONOMY INDUSTRY ROMAN TECHNOLOGY
The spread of foggara-based irrigation in the ancient Sahara
January 2006
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Chapter
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The Libyan desert: Natural resources and cultural heritage
AGRICULTURE DESERT FOGGARAS GARAMANTES IRRIGATION LIBYA NORTH AFRICA QANATS - NORTH AFRICA - ALGERIAN SAHARA QANATS - NORTH AFRICA - FEZZAN SAHARA
Water for the Pompeians. Review of C. Ohlig, De Aquis Pompeiorum. Das Castellum Aquae in Pompeji: Herkunft, Zuleitung und Verteilung des Wassers
January 2006
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Journal article
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Journal of Roman Archaeology
Euesperides 2005: Preliminary Report on the Spring 2005 season
January 2005
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Journal article
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Libyan Studies
4301 Archaeology, 4303 Historical Studies, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
Foggara irrigation, early state formation and Saharan trade: the Garamantes of Fazzan
January 2005
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Journal article
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Schriftenreihe der Frontinus-Gesellschaft
FEZZAN FEZZAN PROJECT FOGGARAS GARAMANTES IRRIGATION NORTH AFRICA SAHARA STATE FORMATION TRADE TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE
Hedi Slim, Pol Trousset, Roland Paskoff and Ameur Oueslati, Le littoral de la Tunisie: etude geoarcheologique et historique
Romanizing Baal: The art of Saturn worship in North Africa
January 2005
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Chapter
Une cité grecque de Libye: fouilles d'Euhésperidès (Benghazi)
January 2005
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Journal article
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Comptes rendus de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres
AMPHORAE BENGHAZI COINS CYRENAICA ECONOMY - GREEK WORLD EUESPERIDES LIBYA MAGAS NORTH AFRICA POTTERY - GREEK - HELLENISTIC POTTERY - PUNIC THIBRON TRADE
Archaeological evidence for textile production and dyeing in Roman North Africa
January 2004
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Chapter
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Purpureae Vestes. Textiles y tintes del Mediterráneo en época romana
AFRICA ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE DYEING FULLERS FULLING FULLONICA MUREX NORTH AFRICA ROMAN TEXTILES
Cyrenaica and the late antique economy
January 2004
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Journal article
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Ancient West and East
CYRENAICA ECONOMY ECONOMY - BYZANTINE ECONOMY - ROMAN LATE ANTIQUITY LIBYA NORTH AFRICA
Euesperides (Benghazi): preliminary report on the spring 2004 season
January 2004
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Journal article
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Libyan Studies
4303 Historical Studies, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
The effects of recent storms on the exposed coastline of Tocra
January 2004
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Journal article
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Libyan Studies
4301 Archaeology, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
Tuscan landscapes: surveying the Albegna valley
January 2004
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Journal article
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Journal of Roman Archaeology
4301 Archaeology, 4303 Historical Studies, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
Water table decline, springline desiccation and the early development of irrigated agriculture in the Wādi al-Ajāl, Libyan Fazzān
January 2004
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Journal article
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Libyan Studies
4301 Archaeology, 4303 Historical Studies, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
Classical water technology in the early Islamic world
January 2003
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Chapter
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Technology, ideology, water: from Frontinus to the Renaissance and beyond
FRONTINUS IDEOLOGY IRRIGATION - SPAIN ISLAMIC WORLD QANATS - HISTORY TECHNOLOGY WATER WATER-LIFTING DEVICES
Euesperides (Benghazi): preliminary report on the spring 2003 season
January 2003
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Journal article
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Libyan Studies
4301 Archaeology, 4303 Historical Studies, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
Farming the Sahara: the Garamantian contribution in Southern Libya
January 2003
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Chapter
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Arid lands in Roman times
AFRICA ARCHAEOLOGY ARID LANDS FEZZAN FEZZAN PROJECT FOGGARAS GARAMANTES INCOMPLETE LIBYA NORTH AFRICA QANATS - NORTH AFRICA - FEZZAN ROMAN SAHARA
Irrigation technologies: foggaras, wells and field systems
January 2003
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Chapter
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The Archaeology of Fazzan
AGRICULTURE ARCHAEOLOGY FEZZAN FIELD SYSTEMS FOGGARAS GARAMANTES IRRIGATION IRRIGATION - NORTH AFRICA LIBYA NORTH AFRICA QANATS SAHARA TECHNOLOGY TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE WELLS
Late antique water-mills on the Palatine
January 2003
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Journal article
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Papers of the British School at Rome
LATE ANTIQUITY MILL-STONES PALATINE ROME WATER-MILLS WATER-MILLS - ROMAN
Opus reticulatum panels in the Severan Basilica at Lepcis Magna
January 2003
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Journal article
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Quaderni di archeologia della Libia
ARCHITECTURE - ROMAN LEPCIS MAGNA LIBYA NORTH AFRICA OPUS RETICULATUM TRIPOLITANIA
The archaeology of the Roman fullonica
January 2003
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Journal article
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Journal of Roman Archaeology
4301 Archaeology, 4303 Historical Studies, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
Machines, Power and the Ancient Economy*
November 2002
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Journal article
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The Journal of Roman Studies
4303 Historical Studies, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology, Generic health relevance
Urban Production in the Roman World: the View from North Africa
November 2002
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Journal article
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Papers of the British School at Rome
4301 Archaeology, 4303 Historical Studies, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
Tracking the Samnites: Landscape and Communications Routes in the Sangro Valley, Italy
April 2002
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Journal article
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American Journal of Archaeology
4301 Archaeology, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
Detritus, disease and death in the city
January 2002
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Journal article
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Journal of Roman Archaeology
4301 Archaeology, 4303 Historical Studies, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
Euesperides (Benghazi): Preliminary report on the Spring 2002 season
January 2002
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Journal article
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Libyan Studies
4301 Archaeology, 4303 Historical Studies, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
Hellenistic and Byzantine cisterns on Geronisos Island
Ti. Cl. Felix and the date of the second phase of the East Baths
January 2001
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Chapter
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Leptiminus (Lamta): a Roman port city in Tunisia. Report no. 2
ARCHAEOLOGY BATHS BRICKSTAMPS CITY LEPTIMINUS NORTH AFRICA ROMAN TUNISIA
Timgad and textile production
January 2001
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Chapter
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Economies beyond agriculture in the Classical World
AGRICULTURE DYEING ECONOMY ECONOMY - ANCIENT FULLING NORTH AFRICA SOCIETY TEXTILES THESIS BIBLIOGRAPHY TIMGAD URBAN PRODUCTION
Urban economies of late antique Cyrenaica
January 2001
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Chapter
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Economy and exchange in the East Mediterranean during late antiquity
APOLLONIA BERENICE CYRENAICA CYRENE ECONOMY ECONOMY - ANCIENT LATE ANTIQUITY MEDITERRANEAN NORTH AFRICA PTOLEMAIS TOCRA URBAN DECLINE URBAN DEFENCES URBAN PRODUCTION
Urban water storage, distribution and usage in Roman North Africa
January 2001
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Chapter
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Water use and hydraulics in the Roman city
AFRICA AQUEDUCTS AQUEDUCTS - NORTH AFRICA CISTERNS - RESERVOIR CISTERNS CISTERNS - ROMAN CITY NORTH AFRICA ROMAN URBAN WATER DISTRIBUTION WATER WATER USE WATER-SUPPLY
Drainage and sanitation
January 2000
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Chapter
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Handbook of ancient water technology
DRAINAGE HISTORY HYGIENE SANITATION SEWERAGE TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY - ANCIENT WORLD TECHNOLOGY NEWSLETTER FOR AJA WATER
Euesperides (Benghazi): Preliminary report on the spring 2000 season
January 2000
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Journal article
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Libyan Studies
4301 Archaeology, 4303 Historical Studies, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
Foggaras in the land of the Garamantes (Fezzan, Libya)
January 2000
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Chapter
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International Symposium on Qanat, Yazd, May 2000
FEZZAN FOGGARAS GARAMANTES INCOMPLETE IRRIGATION IRRIGATION - NORTH AFRICA LIBYA NORTH AFRICA QANATS QANATS - NORTH AFRICA QANATS - NORTH AFRICA - FEZZAN SAHARA WATER-SUPPLY YAZD
Industrial uses of water
January 2000
|
Chapter
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Handbook of ancient water technology
DRAINAGE HISTORY INDUSTRY TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY - ANCIENT WORLD TECHNOLOGY NEWSLETTER FOR AJA WATER
Land drainage
January 2000
|
Chapter
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Handbook of ancient water technology
DRAINAGE DRAINAGE - LAKES DRAINAGE - RURAL HISTORY TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY - ANCIENT WORLD TECHNOLOGY NEWSLETTER FOR AJA WATER
Mulini, acquedotti e assedi sul Gianicolo
January 2000
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Journal article
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Forma Urbis
ACQUA PAOLA AQUA TRAIANA AQUEDUCTS AQUEDUCTS - ITALY - ROME AQUEDUCTS - ROMAN GOTHS ITALY JANICULUM LATE ANTIQUE URBANISM LATE ANTIQUITY ROME SIEGE WARFARE TOPOGRAPHY TRASTEVERE WATER-MILLS WATER-MILLS - MEDIEVAL WATER-MILLS - ROMAN
The aqueducts of Italy and Gaul
January 2000
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Journal article
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Journal of Roman Archaeology
4301 Archaeology, 4303 Historical Studies, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
The Fezzan Project 2000: Preliminary report on the fourth season of work
January 2000
|
Journal article
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Libyan Studies
4303 Historical Studies, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
Dougga
October 1999
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Journal article
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The Classical Review
4303 Historical Studies, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
Commerce and Industry in Roman Sabratha
January 1999
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Journal article
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Libyan Studies
4303 Historical Studies, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
Deliveries extra urbem: aqueducts and the countryside
January 1999
|
Journal article
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Journal of Roman Archaeology
4301 Archaeology, 4303 Historical Studies, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
Digging in Algeria
January 1999
|
Journal article
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The Classical Review
ALGERIA AQUEDUCTS AQUEDUCTS - NORTH AFRICA ARCHAEOLOGY BOOK REVIEW EARLY FIELDWORK KHAMISSA LAMBAESIS MADAURA NORTH AFRICA TIMGAD
Molinae
January 1999
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Chapter
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Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae
AQUA TRAIANA AQUEDUCTS AQUEDUCTS - ITALY - ROME BYZANTINE GOTHS JANICULUM ROME TOPOGRAPHY WATER-MILLS - MEDIEVAL WATER-MILLS - ROMAN
The Fezzan Project 1999: preliminary report on the third season of work
January 1999
|
Journal article
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Libyan Studies
4301 Archaeology, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
Urbanism and Economy at Euesperides (Benghazi): preliminary report on the 1999 season
January 1999
|
Journal article
|
Libyan Studies
4301 Archaeology, 4303 Historical Studies, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
Excavations at Euesperides (Benghazi): an interim report on the 1998 season
January 1998
|
Journal article
|
Libyan Studies
4301 Archaeology, 4303 Historical Studies, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
The Fezzan Project 1998: preliminary report on the second season of work
January 1998
|
Journal article
|
Libyan Studies
4301 Archaeology, 4303 Historical Studies, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
The Fezzan Project II: preliminary report on the 1998 season
January 1998
|
Journal article
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Libya antiqua
FEZZAN FEZZAN PROJECT FOGGARAS GARAMANTES GERMA LIBYA NORTH AFRICA QANATS - NORTH AFRICA - FEZZAN
Water supply in ancient Carthage
January 1998
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Chapter
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Carthage papers: The early colony's economy, water supply, a private bath, and the mobilization of state olive oil
AQUEDUCTS AQUEDUCTS - NORTH AFRICA CARTHAGE CISTERNS CISTERNS - PUNIC CISTERNS - RESERVOIR CISTERNS CISTERNS - ROMAN ECONOMY NORTH AFRICA OLIVE OIL URBAN WATER DISTRIBUTION WATER WATER-SUPPLY
From the mountain to the plain: landscape evolution in the Abruzzo. An interim report on the Sangro Valley Project (1994-5)
November 1997
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Journal article
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Papers of the British School at Rome
The Fezzan Project 1997: methodologies and results of the first season
January 1997
|
Journal article
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Libyan Studies
4303 Historical Studies, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
The Fezzan Project I: research goals, methodologies and results of the 1997 season
January 1997
|
Journal article
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Libya antiqua
FEZZAN FEZZAN PROJECT FOGGARAS GARAMANTES GERMA LIBYA NORTH AFRICA QANATS - NORTH AFRICA - FEZZAN RESEARCH
Tripolitania. By D. J. Mattingly. Pp. xix, 265, 61 black-and-white photographs, numerous figs in text. B. T. Batsford, 1995. ISBN 0-7134-5742-2. Price £55.00
January 1997
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Journal article
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Libyan Studies
4301 Archaeology, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
Urban water storage, distribution, and usage in Roman North Africa
January 1997
|
Conference paper
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AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY
Water management and usage in Roman North Africa: a social and technological study
January 1997
|
Thesis / Dissertation
This thesis examines the exploitation of water resources in North Africa from the first century B.C. to the seventh century A.D., exploring in particular the relationship between hydraulic infrastructure and social issues. Study of urban water supply arrangements suggests that ancient attitudes towards water use were less wasteful than some judgements allow. Evidence for the use of control devices on urban distribution networks, coupled with the provision of large cistern complexes, argues for an ability to regulate supply against demand and accumulate reserves. Water of different qualities was used for different purposes, while re-use for activities requiring lower-grade water was common. I argue that the urban-consumptive/rural-productive dichotomy, often advanced in studies of ancient hydraulic technology, is too simplistic: urban aqueducts might serve rural communities en route. Public baths and fountains might have ostentatious functions, but also served genuine needs of public hygiene and supply for households lacking wells and cisterns. However, water usage in elite households which could afford piped water supplies tended to be oriented largely towards ostentatious uses to express status. The extent of the use of water-power in the area is far greater than has been realised. The types of water-mill employed are the earliest datable examples of horizontally-wheeled mills outside China; there may be a technological link with early mills in the Near East, a region with a comparable climatic regime. The thesis suggests a reconsideration of attitudes is required, not only towards Roman water usage, but also towards wider questions of the level of technological development attained in antiquity, the degree of understanding of natural resources, and the extent to which Romanisation brought real benefits to an area, or merely imposed alien cultural values
AQUEDUCTS AQUEDUCTS - NORTH AFRICA BATHS CARTHAGE GROUP CHINA CISTERNS DRAINAGE FOUNTAINS HYGIENE INDUSTRY IRRIGATION IRRIGATION - NORTH AFRICA MILLS NEAR EAST NORTH AFRICA RELIGION ROMAN ROMANISATION SOCIAL WATER WATER US...
H. Broise and Y. Thébert, Recherches archéologiques franco-tunisiennes à Bulla Regia. Vol. 2, Les Architectures I. Les Thermes Memmiens: Étude Architectural et Histoire Urbaine (Collection de l'École française de Ro...
November 1995
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Journal article
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The Journal of Roman Studies
47 Language, Communication and Culture, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
FRANCO-TUNISIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH AT BULLA-REGIA, VOL 2, THE ARCHITECTURES, PT 1, THE MEMMIAN BATHS - AN ARCHITECTURAL STUDY AND AN URBAN HISTORY - FRENCH - BROISE,H, THEBERT,Y
January 1995
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Journal article
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JOURNAL OF ROMAN STUDIES
Running water and social status in North Africa
January 1995
|
Chapter
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North Africa from Antiquity to Islam
CARTHAGE GROUP FOUNTAINS HOUSING NORTH AFRICA ORNAMENT PERISTYLE BASINS SOCIAL THESIS BIBLIOGRAPHY WATER WATER-SUPPLY
WATER DISTRIBUTION IN ANCIENT ROME - THE EVIDENCE OF FRONTINUS - EVANS,HB
January 1995
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Journal article
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JOURNAL OF ROMAN STUDIES
Water-power in North Africa and the development of the horizontal water-wheel
January 1995
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Journal article
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Journal of Roman Archaeology
4301 Archaeology, 4303 Historical Studies, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
Water supply for Roman farms in Latium and South Etruria
January 1994
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Journal article
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Papers of the British School at Rome
The area under study had a rather high density of population due to its proximity to the capital, but a well-planned, diverse system of water supply seems to have met local needs. Selected methods of water supply included run-off and ground water collection and conduit and aqueduct systems.
AGRICULTURE AQUEDUCTS AQUEDUCTS - ITALY AQUEDUCTS - ITALY - ROME CARTHAGE GROUP CLIMATE COUNTRYSIDE DRAINAGE - RURAL ETRURIA FARMS GEOGRAPHY GEOLOGY ITALY LATIUM ROMAN RURAL AQUEDUCTS RURAL SETTLEMENT RURAL USE OF URBAN AQ...
The basin at the Propylon: statuary and mythological reliefs, c. AD 500–550
Chapter
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Aphrodisias XV: The Place of Palms: An Urban Park at Aphrodisias
The sculptural life of the Place of Palms, first to seventh centuries
Chapter
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Aphrodisias XV: The Place of Palms: An Urban Park at Aphrodisias
